Classification of the Vampire Squid:
Phyla: Mollusca
Class: Cephalopoda
Subclass: Coleoidea
Superorder: Octopodiformes
Order: Vampyromorpha
Family: Vampyroteuthidae
Genus: Vampyroteuthis
Species: infernalis
The superorder of the vampire squid puzzled scientists for quite some time. The Decapodiformes (squid and cuttlefish) exhibit the ancestral condition of 10 arms (in squid two arms are modified into long tentacles) while Octopodiformes (octopi and vampire squid) exhibit the derived condition of 8 arms. However, Vampire Squid have 8 arms as well as 2 long filaments of different structure than arms. These could be derived from tentacles found in squid or may have arisen independently after the ancestors of Vampire Squid and Octopi lost 1 pair of arms. In either case, Vampire Squid are considered a relict, and represent a moment in the evolutionary history of Cephalopods and help to examine the evolution Squid/Cuttlefish and Octopi.
The oldest confirmed fossil Vampyromorphid is Vampyronassa rhodanica, from 165-164 mya
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